ABSTRACT
Introduction: Congenital syphilis continues to be a public health problem in Mexico. Objective: To assess the similarities and differences between national standards, guidelines and international documents related to the detection of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis. Method Two algorithms were developed based on the standard of female care during pregnancy and on the standard for prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections. Based on the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines, algorithms were developed for syphilis during pregnancy, syphilis in the newborn and sexual contacts. Results: The standard for pregnancy mentions that syphilis testing should be carried out in every pregnant woman on her first contact or at delivery, without diagnostic tests being specified. The Official Mexican Standard (NOM) on sexually transmitted infections mentions the traditional algorithm for syphilis detection, treatment follow-up, coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus and congenital syphilis criteria. The CDC recommend reverse algorithm, antibody titer, treatment and follow-up as part of diagnosis. Conclusions: The elimination of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis requires NOMs updating and homogenizing, as well as the study of stillbirths and neonates born to mothers with syphilis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Syphilis, Congenital/diagnosis , Algorithms , Syphilis/diagnosis , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/prevention & control , Syphilis, Congenital/prevention & control , World Health Organization , Sexually Transmitted Diseases/prevention & control , HIV Infections/diagnosis , Contact Tracing , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Government Regulation , MexicoABSTRACT
Abstract: Objective: To estimate the seroprevalence of CHKV antibodies and assess correlates of seropositivity at a small geographical scale. Materials and methods: A community-based serosurvey of 387 households in Puente de Ixtla, Morelos (central Mexico). Serum IgG antibodies to CHKV were detected by immunoassay. Results: From 27 April to 29 May 2016, we interviewed and collected blood samples from 387 individuals at the same number of households. A total of 114 (29.5%) participants were seropositive to CHK, 36 (31.6%) of them reported no symptoms of CHKV infection within 12 months before the survey. Conclusion: The estimated seroprevalence to CHKV antibodies was higher than expected by the small number of confirmed cases of CHKV infection reported in Mexico by the National Surveillance System.
Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos CHKV y evaluar correlatos de seropositividad a pequeña escala geográfica. Material y métodos: Encuesta serológica comunitaria en 387 hogares en Puente de Ixtla, Morelos (región central de México). Se detectaron anticuerpos IgG contra CHKV mediante inmunoensayo. Resultados: Del 27 de abril al 29 de mayo de 2016 se entrevistó a 387 individuos en el mismo número de hogares y se recolectaron muestras de sangre de los mismos. En total, 114 (29.5%) participantes fueron seropositivos a CHK, 36 (31.6%) de ellos negaron síntomas de infección por CHKV durante los 12 meses previos a la encuesta. Conclusión: La seroprevalencia estimada de anticuerpos contra CHKV; fue mayor a la esperada con base en el pequeño número de casos confirmados de infección por CHKV informados en México por el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Young Adult , Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology , Seasons , Socioeconomic Factors , Seroepidemiologic Studies , Chikungunya virus/immunology , Family Characteristics , Population Surveillance , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico/epidemiology , Antibodies, Viral/bloodABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of altitude of residence on influenza A (H1N1). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 207 135 officially notified of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, 23 048 hospitalizations and 573 deaths during the first months of the novel pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus, to examine if residents of high altitude had more frequently these adverse outcomes. RESULTS: Adjusted rates for hospitalization and hospital mortality rates increased with altitude, probably due to hypoxemia.
OBJETIVO: Determinar el efecto de la altitud del lugar de residencia sobre la epidemia de influenza A (H1N1). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron 207 135 casos notificados a la Secretaría de Salud, 23 048 hospitalizaciones y 573 muertes por enfermedad similar a la influenza (ILI, por sus siglas en inglés) durante los primeros meses de la pandemia del nuevo virus de la influenza A H1N1 durante 2009, para examinar si los residentes de zonas más altas presentaron tasas más altas de hospitalización y muerte. RESULTADOS: Las tasas ajustadas de hospitalización y mortalidad hospitalaria se incrementaron con la altitud probablemente por la presencia de hipoxemia.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Child , Humans , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Altitude , Hospital Mortality , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype , Influenza, Human/complications , Influenza, Human/epidemiology , Pandemics , Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Introducción. El dengue en México es un problema prioritario de salud pública. Desde el 2008 el Departamento para la Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Virológica del InDRE implementó un nuevo algoritmo de diagnóstico del dengue, que utiliza la Red de Laboratorios Estatales de Salud Pública, para favorecer la representatividad geográfica, la oportunidad, la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la información que se obtiene. Métodos. La identificación de serotipos se realizó a partir de muestras positivas a la proteína NS1 por ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA). Las técnicas que se utilizaron fueron: aislamiento viral, PCR punto final y, desde 2009, RT-PCR en tiempo real (qRT-PCR). Resultados. En 2009 se analizaron 6,336 muestras; en 2,944 de éstas (46.6%) se identificó el serotipo DENV-1 que predominó sobre el serotipo DENV-2; el serotipo DENV-3 sólo se identificó en dos casos en Guerrero y el serotipo DENV-4 en un caso en Chiapas. En 2010 se analizaron 2,013 muestras. Se identificó algún serotipo en 1,607 muestras (79.88%) y, nuevamente, el serotipo DENV-1 predominó en todo el país. En Chiapas se identificaron los serotipos DENV-1, 2 y 4 y en Jalisco los serotipos DENV-1 y 3. Además, se identificó la circulación del serotipo DENV-3 en Guerrero y apareció el serotipo DENV-4 en San Luis Potosí. Conclusiones. Por la selección de muestras para vigilancia virológica de dengue mediante la positividad a la proteína NS1 y por la introducción de la técnica de qRT-PCR se optimizó la identificación de serotipos circulantes. La alta endemia, los brotes en nuevas regiones, el predominio del serotipo DENV-1 por varios años y la introducción lenta de otros serotipos, principalmente DENV-3, pueden favorecer la aparición de formas clínicas graves de dengue. La vigilancia epidemiológica inteligente del dengue brindará información para un mejor entendimiento de la enfermedad y promoverá acciones para su control y prevención.
Background. Dengue is a public health priority in Mexico. Since 2008, the dengue diagnostic algorithm for epidemiological and virological surveillance has been improved at InDRE and the public health laboratory network (RLESP) to optimize geographic representation, opportunity, sensitivity and specificity of the produced information. Methods. Dengue serotype identification is based on ELISA NS1 positive samples. Methods used are viral isolation, endpoint PCR and, since August 2009, real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results. In 2009, 6,336 serum samples were analyzed and 2,944 (46.6%) were positive for serotype identification. DENV-1 was detected in greater proportion followed by DENV-2, and DENV-3 4 was only identified in two cases in Guerrero and DENV-4 in one case in Chiapas. In 2010, 2,013 serum samples were analyzed and 1,607 (78.8%) were positive for serotype identification. DENV-1 was predominant throughout the country. In Chiapas, DENV-1, 2 and 4 were identified and in Jalisco DENV-1 and 3. DENV-3 was identified in Guerrero again and DENV-4 was detected in San Luis Potosí. Conclusions. The selection samples through NS1 positive samples and the introduction of qRT-PCR optimized serotype identification. Hyperendemicity, outbreaks in new geographic areas, the predominant circulation of DENV-1 for several years and the slow reintroduction of the other serotypes, mainly DENV-3, could increase clinical cases of severe dengue. An ¡intelligentí epidemiological surveillance program would offer information for a better understanding of the disease and promote action for its control and prevention.